BEE CREATIVE WITH SEIJAS
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ISLAMIC ART

VOCABULARY WORDS

Allah
anionic
arabesque
caliph
calligraphic (kufic)
Hejira
horseshoe arch 
hypostyle hall
imam
Islam
Koran (Qur'an)
madksourah
maqarnas 
maqsura 
Mecca
mihrab
minaret
mosque
muezzin
Muhammad
​​qibla wall 
spoila 
squinch
Sunna
tessellation
voussoirs

ISLAMIC ART

(400 BCE - 1650 CE)

CONTENT: What do you see?
FORM: The details (what you see more exactly). How the artist delivers the content.
CONTEXT: Everything NOT observable.
FUNCTION: The intended purpose of the work.

ART WORKS

Sacred Architecture:
56. Mosque at Cordova, Spain
84. Mosque of Selim II, Turkey
168. Great Mosque of Djenne, with markets, Mali
183. The Kaaba, Saudi Arabia
185. Dome of the Rock 
     - interior
186. Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh)
     - courtyard
     - mihrab
​

​
Other Architecture:
65. Alhambra Palaces, Spain
209. Taj Mahal, India
​
Luxury Objects:
57. Pyxis of al-Mughira, Umayyad
188. Basin (Baptistère de St. Louis)
        Muhammad ibn al-Zain
191. The Ardabil Carpet, Maqusud of Kashan
​
Painting:
187. Folio from a Qur’an, Abbasid
189. Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the
         Great Il-Khanid Shahnama
190, The Court of Gayumars, folio from 
         Shah Tah masp’s Shahnam
208. Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings

Five Pillars of Islam:

Faith: There is no God but God; Muhammad is his messenger
Prayer: Salat–obligatory prayers said five times daily
Charity: Zakat–“purification” or “growth”
Fasting: during month of Ramadan Pilgrimage:
Hajj–trip to Mecca once in a lifetime some go yearly during Ramadan
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CONTEXT

​Muhammed (the prophet) founder of the religion, born in570 CE in Mecca. At age 40 receives calling as a prophet of a new religion. He dies in 632 CE. Muhammed recognized Christians, Jews, and Arabs as descendants of Abraham and recognized Jesus, but not as divine. Muhammed is seen as a prophet and only his teachings preserve God’s (Allah) true message.

Islam established new social order and took complete charge of temporal (worldly) as well as spiritual aairs. Islam sponsored advanced scholarship and the translation of Greco-Roman texts from all areas of learning. Islam spread rapidly and by the 8th century conquered North Africa and Spain (785 CE). Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. The century following Muhammed’s death was dominated by military conquest and expansion. Muhammed was succeed- ed by the four “rightly-guided” Caliphs: Abu Bakr (632-34 CE), Umar (634-44 CE), Uthman (644-56 CE), and Ali (656-661 CE). The Qu’ran (Koran) is believed to have been codied during Uthman’s reign.

Ritual centered around daily prayer and pilgrimage, without other rituals or hierarchical spiritually privileged priesthood. Mosques are places of daily prayer: the faithful would be called to prayer by the muezzin in the mosque’s minaret, enter enclosed courtyard, engaged in ritual washing, enter mosque, and begin individual prayer on their knees facing Mecca. The direction of Mecca was marked by a sacred niche, or mihrab, in the qibla wall (opposite to the entrance). In front of the mihrab was an elaborately decorated dome marking the exclusive enclosure for the caliph, called a madksourah. No images of anything living were allowed in Islamic mosques, only elaborate interweaving designs called arabesques, and calligraphic passages of text. Surfaces are covered with rich, at, linear patterns of geometric and organic design.

KEY IDEAS​

  • Most important building for Muslim worship is the mosque.
  • Islamic people pray towards the city of Mecca, the most holiest site in Islam (identified by a niche in the wall of a mosque, called a mihrab)
  • The mirhrab is a niche in the quibla wall (MN-QW: alphabetical!)
  • Artworks include calligraphy with arabesques (interweaving and floral motifs and geometric patterns) and tessellations
  • Calligraphy is the most prized art form (Persian Manuscripts, Qur'an)
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​BRIEF HISTORY OF ISLAM

  • Founder is Islam is the prophet Muhammad and began preaching in 613 BCE.
  • Muhammad exclaimed that there is only one God (Allah) and that he is the chosen messenger to the people.
  • Indigenous Arabs were generally polytheists
  • There are 5 Pillars of Islam
  1. Proclaim that there is only one God and that his prophet is Muhammad
  2. Muslims should pray 5 times per day toward Mecca
  3. Provide for the poor
  4. Must fast during the month of Ramadan
  5. Make a pilgrimage to Mecca
  • Expanded to North Africa, the Middle East, parts of Spain, India, and Central Asia by the 7th century.
  • After the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258, the Islamic world split into 2 huge cultural divisions: East vs. West
  • 2 principal divisions: Shiite vs. Sunni (click here for a comparison chart)
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  • PHOTO 3
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